2024 Ap biology frq answers 2023

Hey All, here are explanations to the 6 FRQs on the 2023 AP Biology Exam released by college board that took place on May 10th, 2023. I truly hope this is he... . Facebook marketplace bloomington illinois

Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...All the FRQs, regardless of whether they're long or short, come in 4 parts, and most of them follow this general pattern: a. Background knowledge question. b. Analyze data/content from the passage. c. Either analyze more data, or make a prediction. d.This lecture honoring Dr. Kenneth Bloch is sponsored by the Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and Resuscitation (3CPR) and the Council on Basic Cardiovascula...calculated value: 0.00250 mol CH 3 NH 3 Cl × 67.52 g. 1 mol. = 0.169 g. (b) For a correct description of step 1: Accept one of the following: Use the spatula, balance, and weighing paper to measure out exactly 0.169 g of CH 3 NH 3 Cl( s ) . Use the balance to weigh out the mass of solid in part (a).What is "natural" isn't necessarily moral or good. There are a lot of controversial statements in the leaked diversity memo written by Google engineer James Damore—most notably, hi...Score Higher on AP Biology 2024: Tips for FRQ 3 – Scientific Investigation. 4 min read. Score Higher on AP Biology 2024: Tips for FRQ 4 – Conceptual Analysis. 4 min read. Score Higher on AP Biology 2024: Tips for FRQ 5 – Analyze Model or Visual Representation. 3 min read. Previous Exam Prep.Directions: Answer all three questions, which are weighted equally; the suggested time is about 22 minutes for answering each question. Write all your answers in the Free Response booklet. Where calculations are required, clearly show how you arrived at your answer. Where explanation or discussion is required, support your answers with …Score Higher on AP Biology 2024: Tips for FRQ 3 – Scientific Investigation. 4 min read. Score Higher on AP Biology 2024: Tips for FRQ 4 – Conceptual Analysis. 4 min read. Score Higher on AP Biology 2024: Tips for FRQ 5 – Analyze Model or Visual Representation. 3 min read. Previous Exam Prep.Feb 16, 2021 · These types of questions have become more and more common on the AP exam, so it is important to feel comfortable and confident with them. 2023 #6 (data analysis) 2023 #3. 2022 #3 (experiment design) 2021 #1. 2020 #1 parts c-e. May 2, 2023 ... My 2023 AP Macro and AP Micro exam FRQs predictions. For more help and practice, check out the Ultimate Review Packet: ...In this video, I provide a comprehensive solution for FRQ Question 1 from the 2023 AP Biology Exam. I go through the question step by step, breaking down the...Score Distributions. Sample Responses Q1. Sample Responses Q2. Sample Responses Q3. Sample Responses Q4. Sample Responses Q5. Sample Responses Q6. Sample Responses Q7. Download free-response questions from past AP Chemistry exams, along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring …Some of us just sweat more than others, and while it can be the source of much embarrassment and shame (trust me, I’m a sweaty person), it helps to understand the reason behind it....What is "natural" isn't necessarily moral or good. There are a lot of controversial statements in the leaked diversity memo written by Google engineer James Damore—most notably, hi...Free-Response Questions. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info ...Review the fundamentals of biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, evolution, and ecology, and develop scientific thinking skills as you explore the study of life. Learn AP Biology using …Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...Free biology worksheets and answer keys are available from the Kids Know It Network and The Biology Corner, as of 2015. Help Teaching offers a selection of free biology worksheets ...Topic Questions. Past paper and exam-style questions, organised by topic. Course-specific and 100% exam-aligned. Student friendly model answers written by experienced teachers & examiners. Progress tracking across undefined+ topics & undefined+ questions, sorted by difficulty. Get started.AP CentralDirectional Selection and Body Mass of White-tailed Deer. 1.B, 6.D, ENE-1, 7 more... Original free-response prompts for AP® Biology that mimic the questions found on the real exam. Our expert authors also provide an exemplary response for each AP free response question so students can better understand what AP graders look for.AP Biology Exam - 2023 US Discussion. Dawg if you ask me any question related to the ap bio exam i'll have you know that shit was so traumatizing I forgot everything. I got a 3 btw. Am MEGA happy with my result because I studied for 4 months but when I saw the exam it was like collegeboard was tryna nuke me.Key-Weight7854 • 4 mo. ago. guys I answered FRQ question 3 on the wrong page. I wrote all the answers for Q3 on the answer sheet for Q2 in continuation. I was on my time so i didn't have time to copy the answer again. But I put the question number in my answer as well as I put the title "THE ANSWER FOR Q3 STARTS HERE!".On the second section of the AP Biology exam, you'll get four short-answer questions (in addition to two long questions). These questions focus on the following topics: Scientific Investigation; Conceptual Analysis; Analysis of Model or Visual Representation; Analysis of Data; Here's an example of a short free-response question from the 2013 exam:2024 AP Biology exam study guides, practice quizzes, live reviews, ... Score Higher on AP Biology 2024: Tips for FRQ 2 – Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing. 4 min read. Score Higher on AP Biology …Scoring guidelines for the Create performance task written response prompts will be unique every year and are not provided in advance. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected] provide biology team names to consider, no matter where your focus lies. Enjoy choosing from our list or getting inspiration for your own unique name. Whether you’re currently p...Starting with the 2024 exam, the layout for the free-response questions (FRQs) will be different from prior exams. For a summary of the changes, and to help you visualize this change to the layout, we’ve applied the 2024 layout to the 2021–2023 AP Biology FRQs. You can find the original scoring guidelines on the past exam questions page.AP Biology Score Calculator. To predict your possible AP Biology score, use the sliders below to adjust the 1 multiple-choice section and 6 free response questions. The curve for this score calculator is based on the most recently available scoring guidelines. Section I: Multiple Choice. 30 /60.The Yuga Labs digital land sale this weekend, a mass mint of new NFTs that temporarily clogged the Ethereum blockchain, is not just making money for the company behind the new set ...AP® Biology. Looking for an AP® Biology score calculator? Click here for this and more tips for your test! Review the processes and principles behind living organisms and their ecosystems through exam prep practice questions on scientific inquiry and models in Albert's AP Biology prep course.The Yuga Labs digital land sale this weekend, a mass mint of new NFTs that temporarily clogged the Ethereum blockchain, is not just making money for the company behind the new set ...AP Biology - 2020 Sample FRQ ReviewVideo going over the answers to the 2020 AP Bio Sample FRQhuge thanks to @deliciouscookie on the AP Students Discord for t...The 2024 Biology exam format will be: Multiple Choice - 50% of your score. 60 questions in 1 hour 30 minutes. Individual questions. Sets of questions with 4-5 questions per set. Free Response - 50% of your score. 6 Questions in 1 hour 30 Minutes. 2 long questions worth 8-10 points each. 4 short questions worth 4 points each.Stick to the point and get your ideas across clearly. 5. Manage your time wisely: The AP Biology exam is timed, so it’s crucial to manage your time wisely. Allocate the appropriate amount of time to each question, and keep an eye on the clock to ensure that you have enough time to complete all of the FRQs. 6.AP Biology Score Calculator. To predict your possible AP Biology score, use the sliders below to adjust the 1 multiple-choice section and 6 free response questions. The curve for this score calculator is based on the most recently available scoring guidelines. Section I: Multiple Choice. 30 /60.In this video, I present a comprehensive solution for FRQ Question 3 from the 2023 AP Biology Exam. I carefully analyze the question, break down the prompts,...Popular books. Biology Mary Ann Clark, Jung Choi, Matthew Douglas. College Physics Raymond A. Serway, Chris Vuille. Essential Environment: The Science Behind the Stories Jay H. Withgott, Matthew Laposata. Everything's an Argument with 2016 MLA Update University Andrea A Lunsford, University John J Ruszkiewicz. Lewis's …Apr 24, 2023 ... In this video, we'll unpack a sample free-response question— FRQ (Question 4: Conceptual ... free-response question— FRQ ... 2023 AP Biology FRQ ...My qualifications: - 5 on the AP Bio exam. 7 on the IB Bio HL exam. - doing research here at UCLA in a psychobiology lab. - over 100+ hours of tutoring experience - especially in Biology. - I've helped students get perfect scores on these exams in the past. I charge $40-50 dollars an hour (price negotiable).These types of questions have become more and more common on the AP exam, so it is important to feel comfortable and confident with them. 2023 #6 (data analysis) 2023 #3. 2022 #3 (experiment design) 2021 #1. 2020 #1 parts c-e.Visit College Board on the web: collegeboard.org. Chief Reader Report on Student Responses: 2023 AP®Biology Free-Response Questions. Number of Students Scored 239,470 Number of Readers 1,003. Score Distribution Exam Score N %At 5 34,146 14.26. 4. 55,026. 22.98. 3 65,088 27.18 2 56,429 23.56.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1A: Describe one characteristic of a membrane that requires a channel be present for chloride ions to passively cross the membrane., 1Apt 2:Explain why the movement of chloride ions out of intestinal cells leads to water loss., 1b.Identify an independent variable in the experiment. …Mrs. Jones' Responses to the 2022 AP Biology FRQs. Note: I have no insider information. I just sat down and said if I was taking this exam what answers would I have written … This question presented a simplified model showing both noncyclic and cyclic electron flow in the light reactions of photosynthesis. In part (a) students were expected to describe the role of chlorophyll in the photosystems of plant cells (Skill 1.A; Learning Objective [LO] ENE-1.J from the AP Biology Course and Exam Description [CED]). BIOLOGY. Section II Total Time—1 hour and 30 minutes Reading Period—10 minutes Writing Period—1 hour and 20 minutes 8 Questions. Directions: Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 22 …Directions: Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer. Questions 3 through 6 are short free-response questions that require about 10 minutes each to answer. Read each question carefully and completely. Answers must be written out in paragraph form.Notes on 2020 Exam Sample Question 2. 2020 Question 2 is modified from Free Response Question 4 in the Course and Exam Description, Conceptual Analysis. 2020 Question 2 is a 6-point question that presents students with an authentic scenario describing a biological phenomenon with a disruption. This question assesses students’ ability to do ...AP Biology is known for being one of the tougher AP exams, and, for most students, the free-response section is the hardest part of the test.In 2021, the average score for every free-response question was less than a … Visit College Board on the web: collegeboard.org. Chief Reader Report on Student Responses: 2023 AP®Biology Free-Response Questions. Number of Students Scored 239,470 Number of Readers 1,003. Score Distribution Exam Score N %At 5 34,146 14.26. 4. 55,026. 22.98. 3 65,088 27.18 2 56,429 23.56. Topic Questions. Past paper and exam-style questions, organised by topic. Course-specific and 100% exam-aligned. Student friendly model answers written by experienced teachers & examiners. Progress tracking across undefined+ topics & undefined+ questions, sorted by difficulty. Get started.Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...May 2, 2023 ... My 2023 AP Macro and AP Micro exam FRQs predictions. For more help and practice, check out the Ultimate Review Packet: ... Learn AP Biology using videos, articles, and AP-aligned multiple choice question practice. Review the fundamentals of biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, evolution, and ecology, and develop scientific thinking skills as you explore the study of life. Bonobos, like people, prefer a little attitude. Scientists looking to understand the evolutionary roots of human behavior have frequently looked to bonobos, the great ape native to...6 Questions. Directions: Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer. Questions 3 through 6 are short free-response questions that require about 10 minutes each to answer. Read each question carefully and completely. Answers must be written out in paragraph form.Today’s video will recap part 2 of my reactions and predicted answers for the 2023 AP Bio FRQs (Free Response Questions) Questions 3 through 6 are the short ...AP Classroom is a free and flexible online platform that provides i nstructional resources for each AP course to support student learning of all course content and skills. AP Classroom r esources, including AP Daily videos, help your students learn and practice all year.. Learn about all instructional resources in AP Classroom. Learn more about AP Daily videos …The AP Statistics Exam has consistent question types, weighting, and scoring guidelines every year, so you and your students know what to expect on exam day. Section I: Multiple Choice. 40 Questions | 1 Hour 30 Minutes | 50% of Exam Score. Individual questions or sets of questions based on a shared prompt. Section II: Free …The AP Statistics Exam has consistent question types, weighting, and scoring guidelines every year, so you and your students know what to expect on exam day. Section I: Multiple Choice. 40 Questions | 1 Hour 30 Minutes | 50% of Exam Score. Individual questions or sets of questions based on a shared prompt. Section II: Free …You will only earn credit for what you write in the separate Free Response booklet. 1. Part A. Steve is in the kitchen happily making breakfast for his four children, who are all playing together in the living room. After hearing a loud crash, Steve becomes quite upset and rushes into the living room, where he sees a lamp shattered on the floor.Directions: You have 1 hour and 15 minutes to answer all three of the following questions. It is recommended that you spend approximately one-third of your time (25 minutes) on each question. It is suggested that you take up to 5 minutes of this time to plan and outline each answer. You may plan your answers in this orange booklet, but no ...The 2024 Biology exam format will be: Multiple Choice - 50% of your score. 60 questions in 1 hour 30 minutes. Individual questions. Sets of questions with 4-5 questions per set. Free Response - 50% of your score. 6 Questions in 1 hour 30 Minutes. 2 long questions worth 8-10 points each. 4 short questions worth 4 points each.The AP Macroeconomics Exam includes two sections. The first section contains 60 multiple-choice questions. The second section is the free-response section, which includes one long question and two short questions. Below is a detailed breakdown of both the multiple choice and free-response sections. Starting with the 2023 exam, a four-function ...Mrs. Jones’ Responses to the 2023 FRQ. Disclaimer: The following responses are the answers that I would have written if I was taking the exam. I am adding some extra … In this video, Mr. Chipman provides a comprehensive solution for FRQ Question 5 from the 2023 AP Biology Exam. By carefully analyzing the question, breaking ... Question 1: Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Experimental Design 9 points. In eukaryotic microorganisms, the PHO signaling pathway regulates the expression of certain genes. These genes, Pho target genes, encode proteins involved in regulating phosphate homeostasis. AP Biology Penguins: ... FRQs: 2023 AP Bio FRQs Scoring Guidelines: ... FRQ Friday 20 (2023 #5) File Size: 827 kb: File Type: pdf: Download File. The Yuga Labs digital land sale this weekend, a mass mint of new NFTs that temporarily clogged the Ethereum blockchain, is not just making money for the company behind the new set ...May 19, 2023 ... 2023 AP Chem FRQ No. 1 Here is how I would go about answering the first free response questions of the 2023 AP Chem exam.AP® Biology Scoring Statistics 2023 Free-Response Questions. Question. Mean. Standard Deviation. Number of Possible Points. 2.80. 2.25.Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. AP Exams are regularly updated to align with best practices in college-level learning. Not all free-response questions on this page reflect the current exam, but the question types and the topics are ...solute potential. The water potential will be equal to the solute potential of a solution in an open container because the pressure potential of the solution in an open container is zero. The Solute Potential of a Solution. Y. S. i. = ionization constant (1.0 for sucrose because sucrose does not ionize in water) C.The 2024 AP Biology exam will be split equally between two sections: multiple-choice and free-response questions. Each section is worth 50 percent of the exam score. You will have 1 hour, 30 minutes to answer 60 multiple-choice questions and 1 hour, 30 minutes to answer 6 free-response questions. The chart below shows the …The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, a substrate for the Krebs (citric acid) cycle. The rate of pyruvate conversion is greatly reduced in individuals with PDC deficiency, a rare disorder. (a) Identify the cellular location where PDC is most active.Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...This question presented a simplified model showing both noncyclic and cyclic electron flow in the light reactions of photosynthesis. In part (a) students were expected to describe the role of chlorophyll in the photosystems of plant cells (Skill 1.A; Learning Objective [LO] ENE-1.J from the AP Biology Course and Exam Description [CED]).Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...Jan 15, 2013 ... 12:19 · Go to channel · How to answer the long FRQs on the AP® Biology Exam: Long Free Response Question Tips! Lasseter's Lab•18K views · ...AP Biology - 2020 Sample FRQ ReviewVideo going over the answers to the 2020 AP Bio Sample FRQhuge thanks to @deliciouscookie on the AP Students Discord for t...A scientific investigation into the effect of rising temperatures and CO 2 levels on sand lance development was presented. In part (a) students were expected to describe that increased biodiversity results in increased ecosystem resilience (Skill 1.A; Learning Objective [LO] SYI-3.F from the AP Biology Course and Exam Description [CED]). Directions: Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer. Questions 3 through 6 are short free-response questions that require about 10 minutes each to answer. Read each question carefully and completely. Answers must be written out in paragraph form. © 2024 Google LLC. Hey All, here are explanations to the 6 FRQs on the 2023 AP Biology Exam released by college board that took place on May 10th, 2023. I …These types of questions have become more and more common on the AP exam, so it is important to feel comfortable and confident with them. 2023 #6 (data analysis) 2023 #3. 2022 #3 (experiment design) 2021 #1. 2020 #1 parts c-e.2023 AP Daily: Practice Sessions. AP Biology Session 5 – MCQ (Set-Based Questions) Researchers investigating the regulation of neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons proposed a model (Figure 1) in which CDK5, a protein expressed in axon terminals, inhibits the movement of synaptic vesicles to the presynaptic membrane. Topics for AP Biology Review. The College Board is very detailed in what they require your AP teacher to cover in his or her AP Biology course. These are the official Big Four Ideas: Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to ... Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. AP Exams are regularly updated to align with best practices in college-level learning. Not all free-response questions on this page reflect the current exam, but the question types and the topics are ...AP. Biology 2022 Scoring Commentary. Question 1 (continued) earned 1 point in part (c) for describing that cholera toxin increases the production of cAMP in the presence of GTP. The response earned 1 point in part (c) for calculating that the percent change in the rate of cAMP production per minute is 1,170%.Learn AP Biology using videos, articles, and AP-aligned multiple choice question practice. Review the fundamentals of biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, evolution, and ecology, and develop scientific thinking skills as you explore the study of life.The AP® Biology exam has two sections. The first section has 60 multiple-choice questions, and the second contains four short-answer and two long-answer free-response questions. Each section makes up approximately 50% of the overall score. Questions in the multiple-choice section are worth 1 point each. Your answers will be computer-graded for ...AP. Biology 2022 Scoring Commentary. Question 1 (continued) earned 1 point in part (c) for describing that cholera toxin increases the production of cAMP in the presence of GTP. The response earned 1 point in part (c) for calculating that the percent change in the rate of cAMP production per minute is 1,170%.Starting with the 2024 exam, the layout for the free-response questions (FRQs) will be different from prior exams. For a summary of the changes, and to help you visualize this change to the layout, we’ve applied the 2024 layout to the 2021–2023 AP Biology FRQs. You can find the original scoring guidelines on the past exam questions page.

A scientific investigation into the effect of rising temperatures and CO 2 levels on sand lance development was presented. In part (a) students were expected to describe that increased biodiversity results in increased ecosystem resilience (Skill 1.A; Learning Objective [LO] SYI-3.F from the AP Biology Course and Exam Description [CED]).. Melissa mclaughlin wicked tuna

Sep 20, 2023 ... In the sequel to our philosophy of pacing video, we're taking a deep dive into the actual day-to-day schedule for AP Biology.In this video, I provide a comprehensive solution for FRQ Question 1 from the 2023 AP Biology Exam. I go through the question step by step, breaking down the...s = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample-based estimate of the standard deviation of the population)Watch as Thinque Prep's master science instructor walks through the AP Biology Sample Questions, and breaks down the questions step by step.0:00 - Intro0:1...On exam day, your proctor will give you directions about how to fill in your responses on your answer sheet and in your free-response booklet. Not following these directions could affect your score. All your answers for the multiple-choice section must be indicated on your answer sheet by filling in the appropriate circles. Do not write your ...Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected] Biology Score Calculator. To predict your possible AP Biology score, use the sliders below to adjust the 1 multiple-choice section and 6 free response questions. The curve for this score calculator is based on the most recently available scoring guidelines. Section I: Multiple Choice. 30 /60.a population standard deviation of 5mg. (i) Calculate the probability that the sample mean amount of gold applied to a random sample of necklaces. n = 2. will be greater than 303mg. (ii) Suppose Cleo took a random sample of 2 necklaces that resulted in a sample mean amount of gold. n =. applied of 303mg.Join us for a live review of AP Biology with Tiffany Jones from AP Bio PenguinsTEST DAY CHECKLIST:https://marcolearning.com/test-day-checklist/FREE SCORE PRE...Advertisement As of this writing, modern science has yet to study the anatomy of the ghoul -- or even acknowledge its existence. Horror stories and folktales provide varied descrip...1 point for predicting the location of the flies in the choice chamber. 1 point for justifying the prediction. Propose ONE specific improvement to each of the following parts of the experimental design and explain how the modification will affect the experiment. (4 points maximum) Experimental control.Circling (1 point) • Correctly circled out-group based on orientation of cladogram. (c) A student claims that mitochondrial DNA sequence comparisons provide a more accurate phylogeny of bear species than do LYST protein sequence comparisons. Provide ONE piece of reasoning to support the student’s claim.BIOLOGY Section II 8 Questions . Total Time—90 minutes . Reading Period—10 minutes . Writing Period—80 minutes . Directions: Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 22 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 3–8 are short free-response questions that require about 6 minutes each to ...Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...Apr 9, 2020 · 1. Keep track of time. You will have 90 minutes to complete the 6 free response questions on the AP® Biology exam. Because each of the two long-answer questions are more extensive and together are worth over half of the free response section (10 points each), you should plan to spend about 20 minutes on each. Visit College Board on the web: collegeboard.org. Chief Reader Report on Student Responses: 2023 AP®Biology Free-Response Questions. Number of Students Scored 239,470 Number of Readers 1,003. Score Distribution Exam Score N %At 5 34,146 14.26. 4. 55,026. 22.98. 3 65,088 27.18 2 56,429 23.56.May 17, 2019 ... Scroll Down for the links to each questions. These solutions are my own work and it is not endorsed by the College Board..

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